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Thursday, 27 November 2025
Playwright 是微软的现代浏览器自动化官方解决方案, 提供多浏览器支持( Chroome、 Firefox、 Safari) , 提供单一的 API 、 内嵌追踪调试和移动模拟。 本指南覆盖了从设置到高级测试模式的所有内容, 将其与 PutputeerSharp 比较, 以帮助您选择正确的工具 。 如果您只需要 Chrome 和想要更简单的设置, 请考虑 夏尔普(Sharp) 但是如果你需要全面的交叉浏览器测试 普莱特是前进的方向
如果你读过我的文章 夏尔普(Sharp),你会知道我是现代E2E测试工具的粉丝,这些工具不会让你想撕掉你的头发。PutputeeerSharp非常适合只用铬的测试, 但如果你需要通过多个浏览器进行测试呢? lay人赖 进来
Playwright是微软对浏览器自动化问题的答案, 他们从以前的一切中都学到了教训。就像 PutppeeeerSharp 更雄心勃勃的搭桥人一样, 它做了木偶人所做的一切, 但是增加了Firefox和Safari的支持, 更好的自动等待, 以及大量的调试工具, 使得发现问题成为绝对的托盘。
在本篇文章中,我将展示如何使用Playwright来为.NET测试铬、Firefox和Safari, 并使用今天可以使用的真实代码实例和实际模式。
别误会我 夏尔普(Sharp) 如果你只需要铬,就太好了。但现在,普赖特说得通:
您的用户并非全部使用铬。 他们使用 :
仅出现在 Safari 的错误会失去20%的潜在用户 。 玩家让您用相同的 API 测试所有三个 。
graph TB
subgraph "PuppeteerSharp"
PS[Chrome Only]
PS --> PS1[Fast setup]
PS --> PS2[Simple API]
PS --> PS3[Chrome DevTools]
end
subgraph "Playwright"
PW[Multi-Browser]
PW --> PW1[Chrome, Firefox, Safari]
PW --> PW2[Auto-waiting built-in]
PW --> PW3[Trace viewer]
PW --> PW4[Codegen tool]
PW --> PW5[Better error messages]
end
style PW stroke:#00aa00,stroke-width:3px
style PW1 stroke:#0066cc,stroke-width:2px
style PW3 stroke:#0066cc,stroke-width:2px
style PW4 stroke:#0066cc,stroke-width:2px
安装 微软. laywright NuGet 软件包 :
dotnet add package Microsoft.Playwright
dotnet add package Microsoft.Playwright.NUnit # Or use xUnit
然后安装浏览器( 此下载) 铬, 消防, 和 WebKit 网络文件):
pwsh bin/Debug/net9.0/playwright.ps1 install
或Linux/Mac上:
playwright install
注: 第一个浏览器安装了大约400MB的下载。 随后的更新要小得多 。
以下是我的测试工程配置:
<PackageReference Include="Microsoft.Playwright" Version="1.48.0" />
<PackageReference Include="Microsoft.Playwright.NUnit" Version="1.48.0" />
<PackageReference Include="xunit" Version="2.9.3" />
<PackageReference Include="xunit.runner.visualstudio" Version="3.1.4">
<PrivateAssets>all</PrivateAssets>
<IncludeAssets>runtime; build; native; contentfiles; analyzers; buildtransitive</IncludeAssets>
</PackageReference>
我在用 x 单位,但Playwright 工作与 N单位单位 或 微测试事实上, Playwright 拥有一个 N单位一体化 并配备辅助人员。
类似 夏尔普(Sharp),但有多个浏览器支持:
using Microsoft.Playwright;
using Xunit.Abstractions;
namespace Mostlylucid.Test.E2E;
public abstract class PlaywrightTestBase : IAsyncLifetime
{
protected IPlaywright Playwright = null!;
protected IBrowser Browser = null!;
protected IBrowserContext Context = null!;
protected IPage Page = null!;
protected readonly ITestOutputHelper Output;
protected const string BaseUrl = "http://localhost:8080";
// Override this in derived classes to test different browsers
protected virtual BrowserType BrowserType => BrowserType.Chromium;
protected PlaywrightTestBase(ITestOutputHelper output)
{
Output = output;
}
public async Task InitializeAsync()
{
// Create Playwright instance
Playwright = await Microsoft.Playwright.Playwright.CreateAsync();
// Launch the specified browser
Browser = await LaunchBrowserAsync();
// Create a new context (like an incognito window)
Context = await Browser.NewContextAsync(new BrowserNewContextOptions
{
ViewportSize = new ViewportSize { Width = 1400, Height = 900 },
IgnoreHTTPSErrors = true
});
// Create a new page
Page = await Context.NewPageAsync();
// Set default timeout
Page.SetDefaultTimeout(30000);
}
private async Task<IBrowser> LaunchBrowserAsync()
{
var options = new BrowserTypeLaunchOptions
{
Headless = true, // Set to false for debugging
};
return BrowserType switch
{
BrowserType.Chromium => await Playwright.Chromium.LaunchAsync(options),
BrowserType.Firefox => await Playwright.Firefox.LaunchAsync(options),
BrowserType.Webkit => await Playwright.Webkit.LaunchAsync(options),
_ => throw new ArgumentException($"Unknown browser type: {BrowserType}")
};
}
public async Task DisposeAsync()
{
await Page?.CloseAsync()!;
await Context?.CloseAsync()!;
await Browser?.CloseAsync()!;
Playwright?.Dispose();
}
}
public enum BrowserType
{
Chromium,
Firefox,
Webkit
}
通知,我们创建 Context 在创建 Page。这是一个玩耍者的概念, 傀儡夏尔普没有这个概念:
上下文允许您:
// Navigation with better waiting
protected async Task NavigateAsync(string path)
{
var url = path.StartsWith("http") ? path : $"{BaseUrl}{path}";
await Page.GotoAsync(url, new PageGotoOptions
{
WaitUntil = WaitUntilState.NetworkIdle
});
}
// Playwright has better built-in waiting, but these are still useful
protected async Task<IElementHandle?> WaitForSelectorAsync(string selector)
{
try
{
return await Page.WaitForSelectorAsync(selector, new PageWaitForSelectorOptions
{
State = WaitForSelectorState.Visible
});
}
catch (TimeoutException)
{
return null;
}
}
// Improved element operations with auto-waiting
protected async Task<bool> ElementExistsAsync(string selector)
{
return await Page.Locator(selector).CountAsync() > 0;
}
protected async Task<string?> GetTextContentAsync(string selector)
{
var locator = Page.Locator(selector);
return await locator.TextContentAsync();
}
protected async Task TypeAsync(string selector, string text)
{
await Page.Locator(selector).FillAsync(text);
}
protected async Task ClickAsync(string selector)
{
await Page.Locator(selector).ClickAsync();
}
通知通知 Page.Locator() 这和小木偶夏尔普的电话不一样 QuerySelector定位器为:
// PuppeteerSharp way (manual waiting)
await Page.WaitForSelectorAsync("#button");
await Page.ClickAsync("#button");
// Playwright way (auto-waiting)
await Page.Locator("#button").ClickAsync(); // Waits automatically!
这里就是Playwright发光的地方。 您可以对所有浏览器进行相同的测试 :
public class CrossBrowserTests : PlaywrightTestBase
{
public CrossBrowserTests(ITestOutputHelper output) : base(output) { }
[Theory]
[InlineData(BrowserType.Chromium)]
[InlineData(BrowserType.Firefox)]
[InlineData(BrowserType.Webkit)]
public async Task HomePage_LoadsCorrectly_InAllBrowsers(BrowserType browserType)
{
// Override the browser type for this test
BrowserType = browserType;
await InitializeAsync();
// Arrange & Act
await NavigateAsync("/");
// Assert
var title = await Page.TitleAsync();
Assert.Contains("Mostlylucid", title);
Output.WriteLine($"✓ Test passed in {browserType}");
}
}
或为每个浏览器创建单独的测试类 :
public class ChromiumTests : PlaywrightTestBase
{
protected override BrowserType BrowserType => BrowserType.Chromium;
public ChromiumTests(ITestOutputHelper output) : base(output) { }
[Fact]
public async Task FilterBar_WorksInChrome()
{
await NavigateAsync("/blog");
await Page.Locator("#LanguageDropDown button").ClickAsync();
await Page.Locator("#LanguageDropDown li:has-text('Spanish')").ClickAsync();
var url = Page.Url;
Assert.Contains("language=es", url);
}
}
public class FirefoxTests : PlaywrightTestBase
{
protected override BrowserType BrowserType => BrowserType.Firefox;
public FirefoxTests(ITestOutputHelper output) : base(output) { }
[Fact]
public async Task FilterBar_WorksInFirefox()
{
// Same test, different browser!
await NavigateAsync("/blog");
await Page.Locator("#LanguageDropDown button").ClickAsync();
await Page.Locator("#LanguageDropDown li:has-text('Spanish')").ClickAsync();
var url = Page.Url;
Assert.Contains("language=es", url);
}
}
public class SafariTests : PlaywrightTestBase
{
protected override BrowserType BrowserType => BrowserType.Webkit;
public SafariTests(ITestOutputHelper output) : base(output) { }
[Fact]
public async Task FilterBar_WorksInSafari()
{
await NavigateAsync("/blog");
await Page.Locator("#LanguageDropDown button").ClickAsync();
await Page.Locator("#LanguageDropDown li:has-text('Spanish')").ClickAsync();
var url = Page.Url;
Assert.Contains("language=es", url);
}
}
让我们看看真实的例子, 显示Playwright的优势:
[Fact]
public async Task SortingDropdown_UpdatesContentViaHTMX()
{
// Arrange
await NavigateAsync("/blog");
// Get first post title before sorting
var firstPostBefore = await Page.Locator("article h2 a").First.TextContentAsync();
Output.WriteLine($"First post before: {firstPostBefore}");
// Act - Change sort order
await Page.Locator("#orderSelect").SelectOptionAsync("date_asc");
// Playwright automatically waits for HTMX to update the DOM!
await Page.WaitForLoadStateAsync(LoadState.NetworkIdle);
// Assert - Content should have changed
var firstPostAfter = await Page.Locator("article h2 a").First.TextContentAsync();
Output.WriteLine($"First post after: {firstPostAfter}");
var selectValue = await Page.Locator("#orderSelect").InputValueAsync();
Assert.Equal("date_asc", selectValue);
}
Playwright 手柄 阿尔卑山 活动与动画天衣无缝:
[Fact]
public async Task AlpineDropdown_OpensAndCloses()
{
await NavigateAsync("/blog");
// Click to open dropdown (Alpine.js controlled)
await Page.Locator("#LanguageDropDown button").ClickAsync();
// Wait for Alpine.js animation
await Page.WaitForSelectorAsync("#LanguageDropDown div[x-show]", new()
{
State = WaitForSelectorState.Visible
});
// Check dropdown is visible
var isVisible = await Page.Locator("#LanguageDropDown div[x-show]").IsVisibleAsync();
Assert.True(isVisible);
// Click outside to close
await Page.Locator("body").ClickAsync(new LocatorClickOptions
{
Position = new Position { X = 0, Y = 0 }
});
// Verify closed
await Page.WaitForSelectorAsync("#LanguageDropDown div[x-show]", new()
{
State = WaitForSelectorState.Hidden
});
isVisible = await Page.Locator("#LanguageDropDown div[x-show]").IsVisibleAsync();
Assert.False(isVisible);
}
[Fact]
public async Task CommentForm_ValidatesRequiredFields()
{
await NavigateAsync("/blog/some-post");
// Try to submit without filling fields
await Page.Locator("#comment-submit").ClickAsync();
// Check HTML5 validation messages
var nameInput = Page.Locator("#comment-name");
var validationMessage = await nameInput.EvaluateAsync<string>("el => el.validationMessage");
Assert.NotEmpty(validationMessage);
Output.WriteLine($"Validation message: {validationMessage}");
// Fill form properly
await nameInput.FillAsync("Test User");
await Page.Locator("#comment-email").FillAsync("[email protected]");
await Page.Locator("#comment-content").FillAsync("Great article!");
// Submit
await Page.Locator("#comment-submit").ClickAsync();
// Wait for success
await Page.Locator(".comment-success").WaitForAsync();
}
[Fact]
public async Task PageLoadsWithoutImages_ToTestPerformance()
{
// Block all image requests
await Page.RouteAsync("**/*.{png,jpg,jpeg,gif,webp}", route => route.AbortAsync());
await NavigateAsync("/blog");
// Page should still function without images
var title = await Page.Locator("h1").TextContentAsync();
Assert.NotEmpty(title);
}
[Fact]
public async Task MockAPIResponse_ForTesting()
{
// Intercept API calls and return mock data
await Page.RouteAsync("**/api/posts", route => route.FulfillAsync(new()
{
Status = 200,
ContentType = "application/json",
Body = System.Text.Json.JsonSerializer.Serialize(new
{
posts = new[]
{
new { id = 1, title = "Mock Post 1" },
new { id = 2, title = "Mock Post 2" }
}
})
}));
await NavigateAsync("/blog");
// Should show mock data
var posts = await Page.Locator(".post-title").CountAsync();
Assert.Equal(2, posts);
}
public async Task InitializeAsync()
{
Playwright = await Microsoft.Playwright.Playwright.CreateAsync();
Browser = await LaunchBrowserAsync();
// Start tracing
Context = await Browser.NewContextAsync();
await Context.Tracing.StartAsync(new()
{
Screenshots = true,
Snapshots = true,
Sources = true
});
Page = await Context.NewPageAsync();
}
public async Task DisposeAsync()
{
// Save trace on test completion
var tracePath = Path.Combine("traces", $"{TestContext.TestName}.zip");
await Context.Tracing.StopAsync(new()
{
Path = tracePath
});
// View trace with: playwright show-trace traces/TestName.zip
await Page?.CloseAsync()!;
await Context?.CloseAsync()!;
await Browser?.CloseAsync()!;
Playwright?.Dispose();
}
然后查看追踪 :
playwright show-trace traces/TestName.zip
这将打开一个 UI 显示 :
这是绝对辉煌的调试。
public async Task DisposeAsync()
{
// Take screenshot if test failed
if (TestContext.CurrentTestOutcome != TestOutcome.Passed)
{
var screenshot = await Page.ScreenshotAsync();
File.WriteAllBytes($"failure-{TestContext.TestName}.png", screenshot);
Output.WriteLine($"Screenshot saved: failure-{TestContext.TestName}.png");
}
await Page?.CloseAsync()!;
await Context?.CloseAsync()!;
await Browser?.CloseAsync()!;
Playwright?.Dispose();
}
[Fact]
public async Task BlogPage_WorksOnMobile()
{
// Create context with mobile emulation
var iPhone = Playwright.Devices["iPhone 13"];
await using var context = await Browser.NewContextAsync(iPhone);
await using var page = await context.NewPageAsync();
await page.GotoAsync($"{BaseUrl}/blog");
// Check mobile menu is visible
var mobileMenu = page.Locator(".mobile-menu");
await Expect(mobileMenu).ToBeVisibleAsync();
// Desktop menu should be hidden
var desktopMenu = page.Locator(".desktop-menu");
await Expect(desktopMenu).Not.ToBeVisibleAsync();
}
游戏剧作家随而来 设备描述器 用于:
[Fact]
public async Task DarkMode_TogglesCorrectly()
{
// Start with dark color scheme
await using var context = await Browser.NewContextAsync(new()
{
ColorScheme = ColorScheme.Dark
});
await using var page = await context.NewPageAsync();
await page.GotoAsync($"{BaseUrl}");
// Check dark mode is active
var isDark = await page.EvaluateAsync<bool>(
"() => window.matchMedia('(prefers-color-scheme: dark)').matches"
);
Assert.True(isDark);
// Check background color reflects dark mode
var bgColor = await page.Locator("body").EvaluateAsync<string>(
"el => getComputedStyle(el).backgroundColor"
);
Assert.Contains("rgb(0, 0, 0)", bgColor); // Dark background
}
以下是两个图书馆的相同测试, 以显示差异:
[Fact]
public async Task FilterTest_PuppeteerSharp()
{
await Page.GoToAsync("http://localhost:8080/blog");
// Manual waiting required
await Page.WaitForSelectorAsync("#LanguageDropDown button");
await Page.ClickAsync("#LanguageDropDown button");
// Wait for dropdown animation
await Task.Delay(300);
// Click Spanish option
await Page.WaitForSelectorAsync("#LanguageDropDown li:nth-child(2) a");
await Page.ClickAsync("#LanguageDropDown li:nth-child(2) a");
// Wait for navigation
await Task.Delay(500);
// Check URL
var url = Page.Url;
Assert.Contains("language=", url);
}
[Fact]
public async Task FilterTest_Playwright()
{
await Page.GotoAsync("http://localhost:8080/blog");
// Auto-waiting built in
await Page.Locator("#LanguageDropDown button").ClickAsync();
// Click Spanish option (waits automatically for visibility)
await Page.Locator("#LanguageDropDown li:has-text('Spanish')").ClickAsync();
// Check URL (waits automatically for navigation)
await Expect(Page).ToHaveURLAsync(new Regex(".*language=.*"));
}
通知 :
WaitForSelectorAsync 所需Task.Delay 所需Expecthas-text 选择器Playwright可以生成 PDF。 API几乎相同 :
public async Task<byte[]> GeneratePdfAsync(string url)
{
await using var browser = await Playwright.Chromium.LaunchAsync();
await using var page = await browser.NewPageAsync();
await page.GotoAsync(url);
return await page.PdfAsync(new()
{
Format = "A4",
PrintBackground = true,
Margin = new()
{
Top = "20mm",
Right = "20mm",
Bottom = "20mm",
Left = "20mm"
}
});
}
相同 PDF 从 PutputeeerSharp 文章中获取的查斯( PDF) 这里也适用。
graph TD
A[Need E2E Testing?] --> B{Multi-browser required?}
B -->|Yes| C[Playwright]
B -->|No| D{Chrome only?}
D -->|Yes| E[PuppeteerSharp or Playwright]
D -->|No| C
C --> F[Benefits]
F --> F1[Test all major browsers]
F --> F2[Better debugging tools]
F --> F3[More reliable waiting]
F --> F4[Mobile emulation]
E --> G[PuppeteerSharp Benefits]
G --> G1[Simpler setup]
G --> G2[Smaller overhead]
G --> G3[Chromium focused]
style C stroke:#00aa00,stroke-width:3px
style E stroke:#0066cc,stroke-width:2px
选择 Playwright 时 :
选择开胃菜 Sharp 时 :
Playwright在CI/CD管道中无缝运作。 GitHub 行动组织 工作流程 :
name: Playwright Tests
on:
push:
branches: [ main ]
pull_request:
branches: [ main ]
jobs:
test:
runs-on: ubuntu-latest
steps:
- uses: actions/checkout@v3
- name: Setup .NET
uses: actions/setup-dotnet@v3
with:
dotnet-version: '9.0.x'
- name: Install dependencies
run: dotnet restore
- name: Build
run: dotnet build --no-restore
- name: Install Playwright browsers
run: pwsh Mostlylucid.Test/bin/Debug/net9.0/playwright.ps1 install --with-deps
- name: Start application
run: |
dotnet run --project Mostlylucid/Mostlylucid.csproj &
echo $! > app.pid
- name: Wait for application
run: |
timeout 60 bash -c 'until curl -f http://localhost:8080/health; do sleep 2; done'
- name: Run Playwright tests
run: |
dotnet test Mostlylucid.Test/Mostlylucid.Test.csproj \
--filter "Category=E2E" \
--logger "console;verbosity=detailed"
- name: Upload test results
if: always()
uses: actions/upload-artifact@v3
with:
name: playwright-results
path: |
**/test-results/
**/traces/
- name: Stop application
if: always()
run: kill $(cat app.pid) || true
正在运行 Playwright 测试 嵌嵌入器 需要安装系统依赖性:
FROM mcr.microsoft.com/dotnet/sdk:9.0 AS build
# Install Playwright dependencies
RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y \
libnss3 \
libnspr4 \
libatk1.0-0 \
libatk-bridge2.0-0 \
libcups2 \
libdrm2 \
libxkbcommon0 \
libxcomposite1 \
libxdamage1 \
libxfixes3 \
libxrandr2 \
libgbm1 \
libasound2
WORKDIR /app
COPY . .
RUN dotnet restore
RUN dotnet build
RUN pwsh Mostlylucid.Test/bin/Debug/net9.0/playwright.ps1 install
CMD ["dotnet", "test"]
从我在这个博客上的测试来看:
主角: 小木偶 夏尔普 剧作家:
| --------- | --------------- | ------------ |
|---|---|---|
| 多浏览器 * * * * * * * * * * (每浏览器增加1s) * * * * * * (每浏览器增加1s) * * * * * (每浏览器增加1s) * * * * * (每浏览器增加1s) * * * * (每浏览器增加1s) * * * * (每浏览器增加1s) * * * * (每浏览器增加~) * * * * (每浏览器增加1s) * * * * (每浏览器增加) * * * * * (每浏览器增加~) * * * * * (每浏览器增加1) * * * * * * * * (每浏览器增加) * * * * * | ||
| 自动等待可靠性 棒极了(自动) 棒极了 棒极了 棒极了 棒极了 棒极了 棒极了 棒极了 棒极了 (自动) 棒极了 棒极了 棒极了 棒极了 棒极了 棒极了 棒极了 (自动) 棒极了 棒极了 棒极了 棒极了 棒极了 棒极了 | ||
| 每个浏览器的内存 ~ 150MB~~ 180MB~ ~ 150MB~ ~ 180MB~ ~ 150MB~ | ||
| 设置复杂设置 简单 * 中度 * | ||
| 调试工具 | ||
| 移动模拟 * 基础 * * 优秀 * * 基本 * * 优秀 * * * 基本 * * 优秀 * * * 基本 * * 优秀 * * 基本 * * 优秀 * * 基本 * |
Playwright稍慢一点,使用记忆略多一点,但可靠性和调试的好处通常大于此。
Playwright 的定位器默认是严格的 :
// This errors if multiple buttons exist
await Page.Locator("button").ClickAsync();
// Be specific
await Page.Locator("button#submit").ClickAsync();
// Or use .First if you really want the first match
await Page.Locator("button").First.ClickAsync();
别忘了跑,别忘了跑 playwright install 添加软件包后。 浏览器不包括在 NuGet 软件包中 。
记住背景分离测试 :
// Bad - state leaks between tests
await Page.GotoAsync("/login");
// Do stuff...
await Page.GotoAsync("/dashboard");
// Previous login state might still exist
// Good - fresh context per test
await using var context = await Browser.NewContextAsync();
await using var page = await context.NewPageAsync();
// Completely isolated
Safari (WebKit) 的行为可能不同:
// May work in Chrome but fail in WebKit
await Page.Locator(".dropdown").Hover();
await Page.Locator(".dropdown-item").ClickAsync();
// More reliable across browsers
await Page.Locator(".dropdown").ClickAsync();
await Page.WaitForSelectorAsync(".dropdown-item");
await Page.Locator(".dropdown-item").ClickAsync();
Playwright 代表了.NET 开发者浏览器自动化的进化。 如果您需要多浏览器支持, 这是明确的选择。 是的, 它比 夏尔普(Sharp)但好处是巨大的:
我的建议:
光是微量浏览器就让我节省了调试时间。 能够重放一个失败的测试并查看浏览器在每一步所看到的确切内容是非常宝贵的。
让Playwright去你的下一个项目吧 你会很惊讶它能让交叉浏览器测试容易得多
© 2026 Scott Galloway — Unlicense — All content and source code on this site is free to use, copy, modify, and sell.